[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”PROGRESS REPORT – 2016″ text_orientation=”center” content_max_width=”none” _builder_version=”3.16″ title_font_size=”46px” background_color=”rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)” background_layout=”light” button_one_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ button_two_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ saved_tabs=”all” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_one_letter_spacing__hover=”0″ button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_two_letter_spacing__hover=”0″ button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” column_structure=”1_2,1_2″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/PRECISION-ACCURACY.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”500px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/PRECISION-ACCURACY.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”500px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/PRECISION-ACCURACY.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”500px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”THE PROBLEM” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
In biology, we associate reproducibility with validity.\u00a0 To wit: if an experiment can be duplicated, the results are valid.\u00a0 Reproducibility, however, is a coin with two sides \u2013 one being precision (repeatability) and the other accuracy (truth).\u00a0 Herein lies a problem.\u00a0 Increasing precision brings individual estimates closer together, but this improvement may have nothing to do with accuracy.\u00a0 Even if an estimate is extremely precise, it may be completely wrong.\u00a0 Typically, accuracy has remained well beyond our reach in biology because estimates for a given part \u2013 across the literature – invariably produce a diffuse cloud of data points.\u00a0 The problem becomes unreconcilable.\u00a0 How does one choose the one correct point from a large collection of presumably correct points?<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”THE SOLUTION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
In truth, reproducibility becomes a valid argument only when both precision and accuracy are in play.\u00a0 This being the case, it would seem advantageous to have access to a reproducibility test based on both accuracy and precision.\u00a0 Accordingly, identifying such a test will be the main objective of the report.\u00a0 The reader will soon discover that a solution to this problem turns out to be a simple exercise in the application of complexity theory.\u00a0 What will happen?\u00a0 First, we\u2019ll find biology\u2019s solution to its reproducibility problem and then copy it.\u00a0 If it\u2019s good enough for biology, it should be good enough for us.\u00a0 More to the point, it makes an otherwise difficult problem easy to solve.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”THE PROCESS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Begin by reading the report.\u00a0 If interested in the mechanics of the test, work through the example given in the appendix.\u00a0 Don\u2019t be intimidated by the details accompanying the worked example.\u00a0 They are included to simplify the task of moving data to and from several programs, which include Word, Excel, Access, and Mathematica.\u00a0 A word of caution.\u00a0 Some of these programs have data caps that will cause problems when working with large data sets.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”THE UNDERSTANDING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Complexity is about power.\u00a0 Biology uses complexity to accumulate power by selecting advantageous relationships of parts to connections.\u00a0 Unwittingly, we strip that power from our biological data by isolating parts and discarding their connections. \u00a0The consequence?\u00a0 Since parts get most of their power from connections, they cannot be expected – in the absence of such connections – to be very effective at solving fundamental problems in biology.\u00a0 And what exactly is this power?\u00a0 \u00a0It includes mathematics and our ability to interact with biology mathematically.\u00a0 Thanks to literature databases, we can now access both parts and connections.\u00a0 This puts complex problem solving back in play.\u00a0 For example, by allowing two sets of connections to interact, one with and one without parts, we reactivate this power by letting biology solve the reproducibility problem for us.\u00a0 The result is a robust test for reproducibility \u2013 an emergent property of biology that comes to us via the biology literature.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” column_structure=”1_2,1_2″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.2″ hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/2016-cover.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”2px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_width=”2px” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.2″ hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”PROGRESS REPORT – 2016″ use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
The progress report addresses the current “crisis of reproducibility” in the life sciences by introducing a reproducibility test based first on accuracy and then on precision.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/paper17a.pdf” button_text=”VIEW REPORT” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”3.16″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_letter_spacing__hover=”0″ button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” column_structure=”1_2,1_2″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/appendix-2016.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”APPENDIX FOR 2016″ use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
The appendix includes a worked example of the reproducibility test.\u00a0 This includes a set of INSTRUCTIONS and copies of the FILES described therein.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/paper17_appendix.pdf” button_text=”VIEW INSTRUCTIONS” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”3.16″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_letter_spacing__hover=”0″ button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/APPENDIX_2016.zip” button_text=”DOWNLOAD FILES” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”3.16″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_letter_spacing__hover=”0″ button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In biology, we associate reproducibility with validity.\u00a0 To wit: if an experiment can be duplicated, the results are valid.\u00a0 Reproducibility, however, is a coin with two sides \u2013 one being precision (repeatability) and the other accuracy (truth).\u00a0 Herein lies a problem.\u00a0 Increasing precision brings individual estimates closer together, but this improvement may have nothing to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2075","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2075","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2075"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2075\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2812,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2075\/revisions\/2812"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2075"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}