[et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” specialty=”off” transparent_background=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”UNDERSTANDING THE PIECES THAT MAKE UP THE BIOLOGY PUZZLE” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” header_fullscreen=”off” header_scroll_down=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” content_orientation=”center” image_orientation=”center” custom_button_one=”off” button_one_letter_spacing=”0″ button_one_use_icon=”default” button_one_icon_placement=”right” button_one_on_hover=”on” button_one_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ custom_button_two=”off” button_two_letter_spacing=”0″ button_two_use_icon=”default” button_two_icon_placement=”right” button_two_on_hover=”on” button_two_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ title_font_size=”46px” saved_tabs=”all” _builder_version=”3.0.95″ \/][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-2-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”SCIENCE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A science is a body of facts systematically arranged and operating according to general laws.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”SUBJECTIVE \/ OBJECTIVE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
In biology, we can approach the same problem either subjectively or objectively – depending on our theory structure.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB2A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”SUBJECTIVE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Consider clinical diagnosis wherein a physician must distinguish between disorders carrying similar symptoms.\u00a0 Bipolar and borderline personality disorders offer such an example.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Symptoms offer subjective measures.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB2B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”OBJECTIVE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Alternatively, we can elect an objective approach by translating the MRI data of patients into quantitative patterns that show the relationship of parts to connections.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Dots represent disorders and mathematical markers, whereas blue lines identify connections.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB2C-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”OBJECTIVE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
In turn, we can replace the dots with the names of the disorders and mathematical markers they represent.\u00a0 Right click the image to magnify.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The book explains how databases populated with such information can become powerful diagnostic and predictive tools.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-3-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”THEORY STRUCTURE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A theory structure defines the rules.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
It determines what our data can do.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-3A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”REDUCTIONIST THEORY” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Reductionist theory sees biology as a collection of disconnected parts.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
By taking biology apart, it delivers the parts, but not the connections.\u00a0 Make no mistake, it assumes that we can play the biology game successfully with only half the information.\u00a0 When applied to biology, which is a complexity, such an assumption produces a 50% science.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Unfortunately, a 50% science is often no science at all – as the story will show.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-3B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”COMPLEXITY THEORY” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Complexity theory sees the same set of parts as a highly connected set.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
With both parts and connections in play, biology can be explored as a complexity consisting of mathematical puzzles.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The book explains how to set up and solve such puzzles.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB4-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”PHENOTYPE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Progress in biology depends importantly on our ability to understand the complex relationship of genotype to phenotype.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The book focuses on the phenotype because it is – far and away – the best source of complexity.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB4A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGY” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A phenotype is the translation of a genome into a complex organism.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Biology performs this translation the easy way.<\/p>\n
Right click the image to magnify.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB4B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
We prefer to do it the hard way.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
We get to deal with two complexities.\u00a0 One produced by biology and and a second one produced by our theory structure – reductionism.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-5-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”STATISTICIANS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Statisticians report that we can expect our published results to be correct only about 20 to 30% of the time.\u00a0 Apparently, research data are being overwhelmed by the biases coming from our experimental methods.\u00a0 If true, this is embarrassing because we are being bested by a simple coin toss.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”RESEARCH DATA” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Obviously, something is sadly amiss.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”GOING TO THE SOURCE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
We begin by considering three sources of noise in our data – bias, biological variation, and valence.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”DEFINITION” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A systematic distortion in data produces bias.\u00a0 It limits our ability to detect differences, or, in the case of biology, changes.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”A 50% EFFORT” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Recall that reductionist theory allows us to look at only some of the data, the parts but not the connections.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”SOURCES OF BIAS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Practically everything we do in the lab introduces bias.\u00a0 Consider, for example, the problem of counting molecules.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”COUNTING MOLECULES – WITHOUT COMPLEXITY” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Since the number of molecules in the control and experimental samples is the same, the %Change = 100%.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”COUNTING MOLECULES – WITHOUT COMPLEXITY” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
If we run an experiment and discover that 83% of the molecules remain (compared to the control), we conclude that the number of molecules decreased by 17%.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6C-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”COUNTING MOLECULES – WITH COMPLEXITY” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Reconnect the molecules to the cells, however, and we see that the decrease in the concentration of molecules was produced by a slight increase in the cell volume.\u00a0 The number of molecules remained constant.\u00a0 Right click the image to magnify.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-5.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”DEFINITION” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Biological variation refers to the amount a measure of a specific part can vary.\u00a0 The larger the spread, the harder it is to detect a significant difference between two sets of measurements.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
It helps to make biological data noisy.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-1-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Consider the amygdala of the human brain, which consists of a left and right component.\u00a0 When measured as isolated parts, the volumes display a wide range of values.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-2-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION – GOING…” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
If, however, we plot the volume of the left side against that of the right, we find that all the points conveniently sit on the same line.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-3-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION – …GOING…” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Next, if we express the volumes of left to right sides as ratios, the points continue to sit on the line with a surprising narrow range of values.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-4-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION – …GONE.” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Finally, if we express all the left to right volume ratios as decimal repertoire values, all the points condense to form a single value.\u00a0 In effect, forming ratios of biological values minimizes variation.\u00a0 By taking its directions from biology, complexity theory makes difficult puzzles easy to solve.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-BLOCKS-VALENCE-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”DEFINITION” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The quantity that determines the proportion of one part to another; an ability of a given part to connect to the same part in different ratios.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Biology defines and controls its complexity by using ratios of one part to another.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/VALENCE-3.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”VALENCE – POSTMORTEM” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The ratio of the nucleus to a cell organelle can vary widely within and between cell types.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/VALENCE-4.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”VALENCE – POSTMORTEM” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A blueprint reveals the range of the valences within and across species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/VALENCE-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”VALENCE – IN LIVING SUBJECTS ” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The human hippocampus, for example, displays multiple valences – differing more than a factor of two.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”UNIVERSAL DATA” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The primary role of data in a reductionist model is to detect local biological changes, whereas that of a complexity model is to use the same data to solve complex problems.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Data become universal when they share the same format and can interact mathematically.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”EXTRACTING DATA” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Since a surprisingly large proportion of published data exist as graphs, assembling a universal data set involves capturing data from figures.\u00a0 Interactive screens, such as the one shown, simplify this process.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”CATALOGING DATA” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Data transferred to relational databases can be stored hierarchically, \u2026<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8C-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”SORTING & FILTERING DATA” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
\u2026 viewed in data tables, …<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8D-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”TRANSFORMING DATA” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
\u2026formed into ratios, \u2026<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8E-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”WORKING DATA” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
\u2026 and used to solve specific problems (e.g., diagnosis).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”INFORMATION” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
When data exist in databases, they can create new forms of information.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
In effect, databases redefine our relationship to published data.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”TRANSFORMING” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Although they start out as a simple catalog of facts, data can generate complex patterns by forming connections.\u00a0 This transformation consists of forming ratios of one part to another.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”GROWING” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A relatively small number of original data points taken from a single publication can become large numbers of patterns when expressed as data pairs, triplets, and quadruplets.\u00a0 Such strings can serve as mathematical markers.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9C-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”CONTRIBUTING” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
When interpreted as mathematical markers and held in a data cage, for example, global data sets can diagnose disorders of the brain with a reliably of 100%.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-7.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL CHANGE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A simple approach to biology looks for changes in data points, whereas a complex approach looks for changes in patterns.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-1-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”SIMULATIONS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
When we look at the behavior of parts theoretically, we find evidence of their interdependence.\u00a0 This means that we can expect to get many different answers to the same question.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-2-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DATA TRAPS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Research data offer confirmation in that we can find many examples where concentrations and absolute values fail to agree.\u00a0 Values highlighted in red signal an increase, whereas those highlighted in blue a decrease.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-3-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – BEFORE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
In a complexity, such as the human brain, a normal phenotype displays a pattern with one set of connections, but…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-4-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – AFTER” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
…quite a different pattern with different connections when a disorder exists.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-5-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – IN N-DIMENSIONAL SPACE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The same data can be viewed and rotated in three dimensions, or …<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-6-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – AS EQUATIONS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
…expressed as equations to quantify the differences that exist between normal (blue) and schizophrenic (red) brains.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11-NEW.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The touchstone of a quantitative science is an ability to reproduce results.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Biology – operating as a 50% science – struggles with the reproducible problem .<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – LOCAL – POSTMORTEM” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Stereological data – collected postmortem – display such a capability locally (within a given paper), but…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – GLOBAL – POSTMORTEM” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
…not often globally (between papers) for the same species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11C-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – GLOBAL – LIVING” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
A very different outcome exists for data collected from living subjects under the auspices of complexity theory.\u00a0 Now reproducibility becomes commonplace – both locally and globally in the same species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-3.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS – TEST” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
When biological data sets fail to display global reproducibility, they most likely carry distortions (biases) produced by our experimental methods.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-1-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS VS GOLD STANDARDS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
We can test this idea by using mathematical markers for schizophrenia coming from living (MRI) and postmortem (stereology) subjects.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Using the MRI data as standards, can we diagnose patients correctly using data collected postmortem (stereology)?<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
No, such a test misses the correct diagnosis (SCHIZOPHRENIA) by a wide margin.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-2-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS – ARE HIGHLY VARIABLE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The postmortem data carry volume distortions, including increases (swelling) and decreases (shrinkage).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-4-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS – UNDER CONTROL” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Once corrections are applied, however, the postmortem markers deliver the correct diagnosis.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Disorders of the human brain affect many of the same parts.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-A-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUALITATIVE PATTERNS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Schizophrenia, for example, shares many of its parts with a host of other disorders.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-B-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUALITATIVE PATTERNS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
In fact, the tendency of disorders to share parts is a distinct feature of the disease process.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-C-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUANTITATIVE PATTERNS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Different disorders often share exactly the same mathematical markers.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Notice that Down\u2019s syndrome shares most of its markers with schizophrenia.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-D-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUANTITATIVE PATTERNS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
By replacing the dots with mathematical markers and disorders, we can see the quantitative relationship of one phenotype (Down\u2019s syndrome) to another (schizophrenia).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-7.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_blurb title=”COMMUNITIES” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Disorders of the human brain form communities of shared markers.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-1-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”IDENTIFY THE DATA SET” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
If we start with 21 well-defined disorders, phenotype each one with mathematical markers, and then mix all the markers together, we end up with a first approximation of what constitutes a disordered brain.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-3-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”BEGIN THE UNFOLDING” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
From this mixture, communities of disorders will form according to the strength of their affinities.<\/p>\n
This is how the clinical literature appears when expressed as a complexity (parts and connections) and designed to discover how disorders of the brain are related.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
The first analysis finds five communities, …<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-4-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”CONTINUE THE UNFOLDING” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
…which, in turn, yield progressively smaller communities…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-5-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”FINISH THE UNFOLDING” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
…wherein only pairs of disorders remain.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-6-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”COMMUNITIES DEFINE BIG DATA GAMES” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Finally, if we plot a small set of disorders with their markers, the magnitude of biological complexity as it exists in the human brain becomes apparent.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-BLOCKS-DIAGNOSIS-PREDICTION-e1456612377347.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” _builder_version=”3.0.59″ animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Diagnosis and prediction differ only by time.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/DATACAGE-BEFORE.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DATA CAGE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
At the left is a data cage designed for the human brain.\u00a0 It includes a collection of twenty-six disorders \u2013 each of which exists in the figure as a central point surrounded by a set of unique mathematical markers.\u00a0 Notice that by eliminating the many connections that normally exist among such disorders, we effectively eliminate all the noise that would otherwise be coming from false positives.\u00a0 For convenience, the example is limited to 50,000 markers \u2013 out of 245,000.<\/p>\n
This is what the clinical literature looks like when expressed as a complexity and converted into a diagnostic tool.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/DATACAGE-AFTER.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”DATA CAGE IN ACTION” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
To illustrate the effectiveness of the data cage as a diagnostic tool, we can copy twenty markers from the same disorder, rename them as unknowns, and then plot the data a second time.\u00a0 The new plot shows that all the \u201cunknowns\u201d connect to a single disorder \u2013 the one from which they were originally copied (bipolar disorder).\u00a0 In effect, a data cage provides a quantitative standard to which unknowns can be compared – be they internal or external.\u00a0 In practice, the diagnostic test is surprisingly easy to run.\u00a0 It consists of adding unknowns to the database (245,000), identifying duplicates, and making the diagnosis (unknowns=knowns).\u00a0 It takes just a few minutes to run.<\/p>\n
The point to take from the example is that our task in learning how to diagnose disorders as complex systems begins by first understanding the basic properties of the system in play.\u00a0 Since we now know that different disorders of the human brain often share similar mathematical markers, creating data cages to remove this overwhelming influx of false positives becomes a logical first step in preparing for a clinical diagnosis.\u00a0 We also know that large data sets derived from biology suffer grievously from a host of problems, which include experimental bias, biological variation, and false positives.\u00a0 The advantage of complexity theory is that it helps us to understand the root causes of these problems so that we can move confidently toward viable solutions.\u00a0 Think of it this way.\u00a0 If we know what\u2019s broken, we can figure out how to fix it.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11-NEW.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” _builder_version=”3.0.95″ animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY TEST – REPORT 2016″ url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial” _builder_version=”3.0.59″]<\/p>\n
Giving the job to biology…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/2016-VOLUMES-MRI.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”TEST APPLIED TO THE LITERATURE” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n
Most would agree that an ability to repeat the results of an experiment is fundamental to scientific discovery.\u00a0 Reproducibility, however, can be identified with precision or accuracy, the choice being left to the theory structure.\u00a0 Reductionist theory typically chooses precision (repeatability), whereas complexity theory prefers accuracy (correctness).\u00a0 To develop a test for reproducibility that can be applied to several published studies simultaneously, accuracy proved to be the best choice because the problem became a complex one.\u00a0 The test consisted of working backwards from global patterns (biology literature) to reproducible patterns (mathematical markers vs. connection ratios) to accuracy (biology).\u00a0 When applied to the MRI data of patients (67 studies), reproducibility was found to exist in surprisingly large amounts – as shown here and explained in the report (2016).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#f7f7f7″ inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/PREDICTION.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”on” border_style=”solid” max_width=”200px” _builder_version=”3.0.95″ animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_all=”0px” border_style_all=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” _builder_version=”3.0.59″ disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”THE HOMOGENEITY POSTULATES – REPORT 2017″ url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial” _builder_version=”3.0.59″]<\/p>\n
Test biochemistry first and then biology.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/predict.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” border_style=”solid” _builder_version=”3.0.59″ animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ divider_style=”solid” divider_position=”top” hide_on_mobile=”on” disabled_on=”on|on|off” \/][et_pb_blurb title=”RULES STATED AS EQUATIONS” url_new_window=”off” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ use_circle_border=”off” circle_border_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” animation=”top” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”center” use_icon_font_size=”off” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial” _builder_version=”3.0.59″]<\/p>\n
When morphological and biochemical data points fit a linear regression with an R2 = 1, the resulting equation identifies a biological rule with the ability to predict either structure or function. We can use such rules to play complexity games wherein we pose questions and biology predicts answers. In theory, this approach should allow us to reverse the direction of time so that we can discover where and how the rules are stored, coded, and read.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” specialty=”off”][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-1A.jpg” alt=”X1″ show_in_lightbox=”on” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” animation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” animation_style=”slide” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_direction=”left” \/][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
A science is a body of facts systematically arranged and operating according to general laws. In biology, we can approach the same problem either subjectively or objectively – depending on our theory structure. Consider clinical diagnosis wherein a physician must distinguish between disorders carrying similar symptoms.\u00a0 Bipolar and borderline personality disorders offer such an […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2411","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2411","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2411"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2666,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2411\/revisions\/2666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}