[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 1″ text_orientation=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font_size=”46px” background_color=”rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)” background_layout=”light” saved_tabs=”all” global_colors_info=”{}” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.18.0″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.18.0″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-2-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.18.0″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” hover_enabled=”0″ border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”SCIENCE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A science is a body of facts systematically arranged and operating according to general laws.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”SUBJECTIVE \/ OBJECTIVE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
In biology, we can approach the same problem either subjectively or objectively – depending on our theory structure.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB2A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”SUBJECTIVE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Consider clinical diagnosis wherein a physician must distinguish between disorders carrying similar symptoms.\u00a0 Bipolar and borderline personality disorders offer such an example.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” text_orientation=”center” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Symptoms offer subjective measures.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB2B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”OBJECTIVE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Alternatively, we can elect an objective approach by translating the MRI data of patients into quantitative patterns that show the relationship of parts to connections.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Dots represent disorders and mathematical markers, whereas blue lines identify connections.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB2C-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”OBJECTIVE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
In turn, we can replace the dots with the names of the disorders and mathematical markers they represent.\u00a0 Right click the image to magnify.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The book explains how databases populated with such information can become powerful diagnostic and predictive tools.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-3-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”THEORY STRUCTURE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A theory structure defines the rules.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” text_orientation=”center” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
It determines what our data can do.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-3A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REDUCTIONIST THEORY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Reductionist theory sees biology as a collection of disconnected parts.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
By taking biology apart, it delivers the parts, but not the connections.\u00a0 Make no mistake, it assumes that we can play the biology game successfully with only half the information.\u00a0 When applied to biology, which is a complexity, such an assumption produces a 50% science.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Unfortunately, a 50% science is often no science at all – as the story will show.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-3B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”COMPLEXITY THEORY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Complexity theory sees the same set of parts as a highly connected set.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
With both parts and connections in play, biology can be explored as a complexity consisting of mathematical puzzles.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” text_orientation=”center” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The book explains how to set up and solve such puzzles.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB4-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”PHENOTYPE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Progress in biology depends importantly on our ability to understand the complex relationship of genotype to phenotype.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The book focuses on the phenotype because it is – far and away – the best source of complexity.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB4A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A phenotype is the translation of a genome into a complex organism.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Biology performs this translation the easy way.<\/p>\n
Right click the image to magnify.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB4B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
We prefer to do it the hard way.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
We get to deal with two complexities.\u00a0 One produced by biology and and a second one produced by our theory structure – reductionism.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-5-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”STATISTICIANS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Statisticians report that we can expect our published results to be correct only about 20 to 30% of the time.\u00a0 Apparently, research data are being overwhelmed by the biases coming from our experimental methods.\u00a0 If true, this is embarrassing because we are being bested by a simple coin toss.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”RESEARCH DATA” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Obviously, something is sadly amiss.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”GOING TO THE SOURCE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
We begin by considering three sources of noise in our data – bias, biological variation, and valence.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”DEFINITION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A systematic distortion in data produces bias.\u00a0 It limits our ability to detect differences, or, in the case of biology, changes.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”A 50% EFFORT” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Recall that reductionist theory allows us to look at only some of the data, the parts but not the connections.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=”SOURCES OF BIAS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Practically everything we do in the lab introduces bias.\u00a0 Consider, for example, the problem of counting molecules.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”COUNTING MOLECULES – WITHOUT COMPLEXITY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Since the number of molecules in the control and experimental samples is the same, the %Change = 100%.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”COUNTING MOLECULES – WITHOUT COMPLEXITY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
If we run an experiment and discover that 83% of the molecules remain (compared to the control), we conclude that the number of molecules decreased by 17%.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-6C-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”COUNTING MOLECULES – WITH COMPLEXITY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Reconnect the molecules to the cells, however, and we see that the decrease in the concentration of molecules was produced by a slight increase in the cell volume.\u00a0 The number of molecules remained constant.\u00a0 Right click the image to magnify.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-5.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”DEFINITION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Biological variation refers to the amount a measure of a specific part can vary.\u00a0 The larger the spread, the harder it is to detect a significant difference between two sets of measurements.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
It helps to make biological data noisy.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-1-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Consider the amygdala of the human brain, which consists of a left and right component.\u00a0 When measured as isolated parts, the volumes display a wide range of values.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-2-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION – GOING…” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
If, however, we plot the volume of the left side against that of the right, we find that all the points conveniently sit on the same line.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-3-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION – …GOING…” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Next, if we express the volumes of left to right sides as ratios, the points continue to sit on the line with a surprising narrow range of values.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-7-4-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL VARIATION – …GONE.” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Finally, if we express all the left to right volume ratios as decimal repertoire values, all the points condense to form a single value.\u00a0 In effect, forming ratios of biological values minimizes variation.\u00a0 By taking its directions from biology, complexity theory makes difficult puzzles easy to solve.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-BLOCKS-VALENCE-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”DEFINITION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The quantity that determines the proportion of one part to another; an ability of a given part to connect to the same part in different ratios.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Biology defines and controls its complexity by using ratios of one part to another.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/VALENCE-3.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”VALENCE – POSTMORTEM” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The ratio of the nucleus to a cell organelle can vary widely within and between cell types.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/VALENCE-4.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”VALENCE – POSTMORTEM” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A blueprint reveals the range of the valences within and across species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/VALENCE-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”VALENCE – IN LIVING SUBJECTS ” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The human hippocampus, for example, displays multiple valences – differing more than a factor of two.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”UNIVERSAL DATA” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The primary role of data in a reductionist model is to detect local biological changes, whereas that of a complexity model is to use the same data to solve complex problems.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Data become universal when they share the same format and can interact mathematically.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”EXTRACTING DATA” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Since a surprisingly large proportion of published data exist as graphs, assembling a universal data set involves capturing data from figures.\u00a0 Interactive screens, such as the one shown, simplify this process.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”CATALOGING DATA” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Data transferred to relational databases can be stored hierarchically, \u2026<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8C-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”SORTING & FILTERING DATA” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
\u2026 viewed in data tables, …<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8D-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”TRANSFORMING DATA” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
\u2026formed into ratios, \u2026<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-8E-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”WORKING DATA” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
\u2026 and used to solve specific problems (e.g., diagnosis).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”INFORMATION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
When data exist in databases, they can create new forms of information.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” text_orientation=”center” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
In effect, databases redefine our relationship to published data.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”TRANSFORMING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Although they start out as a simple catalog of facts, data can generate complex patterns by forming connections.\u00a0 This transformation consists of forming ratios of one part to another.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”GROWING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A relatively small number of original data points taken from a single publication can become large numbers of patterns when expressed as data pairs, triplets, and quadruplets.\u00a0 Such strings can serve as mathematical markers.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-9C-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”CONTRIBUTING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
When interpreted as mathematical markers and held in a data cage, for example, global data sets can diagnose disorders of the brain with a reliably of 100%.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-7.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”BIOLOGICAL CHANGE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A simple approach to biology looks for changes in data points, whereas a complex approach looks for changes in patterns.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-1-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”SIMULATIONS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
When we look at the behavior of parts theoretically, we find evidence of their interdependence.\u00a0 This means that we can expect to get many different answers to the same question.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-2-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DATA TRAPS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Research data offer confirmation in that we can find many examples where concentrations and absolute values fail to agree.\u00a0 Values highlighted in red signal an increase, whereas those highlighted in blue a decrease.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-3-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – BEFORE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
In a complexity, such as the human brain, a normal phenotype displays a pattern with one set of connections, but…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-4-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – AFTER” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
…quite a different pattern with different connections when a disorder exists.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-5-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – IN N-DIMENSIONAL SPACE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The same data can be viewed and rotated in three dimensions, or …<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-6-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”PATTERNS – AS EQUATIONS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
…expressed as equations to quantify the differences that exist between normal (blue) and schizophrenic (red) brains.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11-NEW.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
The touchstone of a quantitative science is an ability to reproduce results.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Biology – operating as a 50% science – struggles with the reproducible problem .<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – LOCAL – POSTMORTEM” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
Stereological data – collected postmortem – display such a capability locally (within a given paper), but…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – GLOBAL – POSTMORTEM” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
…not often globally (between papers) for the same species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11C-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – GLOBAL – LIVING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”^||divi||400″ icon_color=”#ffffff” image_icon_background_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”16px” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” image_icon_custom_padding=”8px|8px|8px|8px|false|false” border_radii_image=”on|100%|100%|100%|100%” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ global_colors_info=”{}” image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=”#7EBEC5″ image_icon_background_color__sticky=”#7EBEC5″]<\/p>\n
A very different outcome exists for data collected from living subjects under the auspices of complexity theory.\u00a0 Now reproducibility becomes commonplace – both locally and globally in the same species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
A science is a body of facts systematically arranged and operating according to general laws. In biology, we can approach the same problem either subjectively or objectively – depending on our theory structure.Consider clinical diagnosis wherein a physician must distinguish between disorders carrying similar symptoms.\u00a0 Bipolar and borderline personality disorders offer such an example. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2667","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2667"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2667\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2855,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2667\/revisions\/2855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}