[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 2″ text_orientation=”center” _builder_version=”3.16″ title_font_size=”46px” background_color=”rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)” background_layout=”light” saved_tabs=”all” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11-NEW.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
The touchstone of a quantitative science is an ability to reproduce results.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Biology – operating as a 50% science – struggles with the reproducible problem .<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – LOCAL – POSTMORTEM” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Stereological data – collected postmortem – display such a capability locally (within a given paper), but…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – GLOBAL – POSTMORTEM” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
…not often globally (between papers) for the same species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11C-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY – GLOBAL – LIVING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
A very different outcome exists for data collected from living subjects under the auspices of complexity theory.\u00a0 Now reproducibility becomes commonplace – both locally and globally in the same species.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-3.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS – TEST” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
When biological data sets fail to display global reproducibility, they most likely carry distortions (biases) produced by our experimental methods.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-1-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS VS GOLD STANDARDS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
We can test this idea by using mathematical markers for schizophrenia coming from living (MRI) and postmortem (stereology) subjects.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Using the MRI data as standards, can we diagnose patients correctly using data collected postmortem (stereology)?<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
No, such a test misses the correct diagnosis (SCHIZOPHRENIA) by a wide margin.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-2-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS – ARE HIGHLY VARIABLE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
The postmortem data carry volume distortions, including increases (swelling) and decreases (shrinkage).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-12-4-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DISTORTIONS – UNDER CONTROL” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Once corrections are applied, however, the postmortem markers deliver the correct diagnosis.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Disorders of the human brain affect many of the same parts.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-A-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUALITATIVE PATTERNS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Schizophrenia, for example, shares many of its parts with a host of other disorders.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-B-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUALITATIVE PATTERNS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
In fact, the tendency of disorders to share parts is a distinct feature of the disease process.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-C-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUANTITATIVE PATTERNS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Different disorders often share exactly the same mathematical markers.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Notice that Down\u2019s syndrome shares most of its markers with schizophrenia.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-13-D-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN – QUANTITATIVE PATTERNS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
By replacing the dots with mathematical markers and disorders, we can see the quantitative relationship of one phenotype (Down\u2019s syndrome) to another (schizophrenia).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-7.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”COMMUNITIES” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Disorders of the human brain form communities of shared markers.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-1-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”IDENTIFY THE DATA SET” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
If we start with 21 well-defined disorders, phenotype each one with mathematical markers, and then mix all the markers together, we end up with a first approximation of what constitutes a disordered brain.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-3-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”BEGIN THE UNFOLDING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
From this mixture, communities of disorders will form according to the strength of their affinities.<\/p>\n
This is how the clinical literature appears when expressed as a complexity (parts and connections) and designed to discover how disorders of the brain are related.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
The first analysis finds five communities, …<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-4-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”CONTINUE THE UNFOLDING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
…which, in turn, yield progressively smaller communities…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-5-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hover_enabled=”0″ hide_on_mobile=”on” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”FINISH THE UNFOLDING” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
…wherein only pairs of disorders remain.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-14-6-1.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”COMMUNITIES DEFINE BIG DATA GAMES” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Finally, if we plot a small set of disorders with their markers, the magnitude of biological complexity as it exists in the human brain becomes apparent.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-BLOCKS-DIAGNOSIS-PREDICTION-e1456612377347.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.2″ hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Diagnosis and prediction differ only by time.<\/p>\n
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[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/DATACAGE-BEFORE.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DATA CAGE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
At the left is a data cage designed for the human brain.\u00a0 It includes a collection of twenty-six disorders \u2013 each of which exists in the figure as a central point surrounded by a set of unique mathematical markers.\u00a0 Notice that by eliminating the many connections that normally exist among such disorders, we effectively eliminate all the noise that would otherwise be coming from false positives.\u00a0 For convenience, the example is limited to 50,000 markers \u2013 out of 245,000.<\/p>\n
This is what the clinical literature looks like when expressed as a complexity and converted into a diagnostic tool.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/DATACAGE-AFTER.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DATA CAGE IN ACTION” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
To illustrate the effectiveness of the data cage as a diagnostic tool, we can copy twenty markers from the same disorder, rename them as unknowns, and then plot the data a second time.\u00a0 The new plot shows that all the \u201cunknowns\u201d connect to a single disorder \u2013 the one from which they were originally copied (bipolar disorder).\u00a0 In effect, a data cage provides a quantitative standard to which unknowns can be compared – be they internal or external.\u00a0 In practice, the diagnostic test is surprisingly easy to run.\u00a0 It consists of adding unknowns to the database (245,000), identifying duplicates, and making the diagnosis (unknowns=knowns).\u00a0 It takes just a few minutes to run.<\/p>\n
The point to take from the example is that our task in learning how to diagnose disorders as complex systems begins by first understanding the basic properties of the system in play.\u00a0 Since we now know that different disorders of the human brain often share similar mathematical markers, creating data cages to remove this overwhelming influx of false positives becomes a logical first step in preparing for a clinical diagnosis.\u00a0 We also know that large data sets derived from biology suffer grievously from a host of problems, which include experimental bias, biological variation, and false positives.\u00a0 The advantage of complexity theory is that it helps us to understand the root causes of these problems so that we can move confidently toward viable solutions.\u00a0 Think of it this way.\u00a0 If we know what\u2019s broken, we can figure out how to fix it.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=””][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-11-NEW.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.2″ hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”REPRODUCIBILITY TEST – REPORT 2016″ use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Giving the job to biology…<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/2016-VOLUMES-MRI.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”left” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”TEST APPLIED TO THE LITERATURE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Most would agree that an ability to repeat the results of an experiment is fundamental to scientific discovery.\u00a0 Reproducibility, however, can be identified with precision or accuracy, the choice being left to the theory structure.\u00a0 Reductionist theory typically chooses precision (repeatability), whereas complexity theory prefers accuracy (correctness).\u00a0 To develop a test for reproducibility that can be applied to several published studies simultaneously, accuracy proved to be the best choice because the problem became a complex one.\u00a0 The test consisted of working backwards from global patterns (biology literature) to reproducible patterns (mathematical markers vs. connection ratios) to accuracy (biology).\u00a0 When applied to the MRI data of patients (67 studies), reproducibility was found to exist in surprisingly large amounts – as shown here and explained in the report (2016).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#f7f7f7″ custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=”” transparent_background=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/PREDICTION.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_width_all=”0px” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid” sticky=”off” use_border_color=”on” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.2″ hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”THE HOMOGENEITY POSTULATES – REPORT 2017″ use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Test biochemistry first and then biology.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/FIGURE2-4.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.1″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” sticky=”off” border_style=”solid” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”RULES STATED AS EQUATIONS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ border_style=”solid” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
When morphological and biochemical data points fit a linear regression with an R2 = 1, the resulting equation identifies a biological rule with the ability to predict either structure or function. We can use such rules to play complexity games wherein we pose questions and biology predicts answers. In theory, this approach should allow us to reverse the direction of time so that we can discover where and how the rules are stored, coded, and read.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ background_color=”#dbdbdb” custom_padding_tablet=”50px|0|50px|0″ custom_padding_phone=””][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WEB-10-7.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ max_width=”200px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” border_color_all=”#ffffff” use_border_color=”on” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.2″ hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”CHANGE – REPORT 2018″ use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width_tablet=”50px” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]Biology plays the change game mathematically.
\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/2018-FIGURE-SMALL.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” use_border_color=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”DETECTING CHANGES MATHEMATICALLY” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width_tablet=”50px” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
When liver hepatocytes are exposed to the drug phenobarbital, they protect themselves by triggering the production of drug-metabolizing enzymes. To this end, the cells change by following specific recipes that redefine the relationship of structure and function in their ER membranes. The figure at the left shows enzyme densities (U\/S – Units of enzyme activity per m2 of ER) for three of the marker enzymes contributing to this recipe. The rate constants, which are the slopes of the curves (delta y \/ delta x), identify the rate at which each enzyme is being added to the ER membrane.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/equations-2018.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”3.23.4″ height=”40px” hide_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blurb title=”EQUATIONS AS SOLUTIONS” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width_tablet=”50px” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” saved_tabs=”all” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Two discrepancies occur repeatedly in the biomedical literature \u2013 a steadfast determination to use measures of individual parts to detect precision and accuracy (even though biology clearly prefers ratio-based rules) and the tendency to look for biological changes by comparing data coming from different numbers of cells. The first equation shown at the left uses membrane kinetics to improve precision and accuracy, whereas the second one keeps the number of cells constant throughout an experiment.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/2018-TABLE-SMALL.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ always_center_on_mobile=”on”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”A SCORE CARD FOR CHANGE” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%61%%” icon_color=”#ffffff” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#2ea3f2″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.6.6″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width_tablet=”50px” hover_enabled=”0″ use_border_color=”off” saved_tabs=”all” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Any given data set can provide a wide range of results, depending on one\u2019s choice of reference. The table at the left serves as a score card for data references to illustrate this point, using data derived from Paper 1 (see Report). Best outcomes are underlined.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The touchstone of a quantitative science is an ability to reproduce results. Biology – operating as a 50% science – struggles with the reproducible problem . Stereological data – collected postmortem – display such a capability locally (within a given paper), but… …not often globally (between papers) for the same species. A very different outcome […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2674","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2674","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2674"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2674\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2805,"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2674\/revisions\/2805"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/playingcomplexitygames.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}